Indigenous dipteran parasitoids

 Indigenous dipteran parasitoids:

In India total 30 species of tachinidae are distributed as mentioned in table no.2.Among all total tachinid dipteran parasitoid in India three Drino (Posturmia) imberbis Wiedmann, Curran, Carcelia illota Curran, Goniopthalmus halli Mesnil, are well known for   control of H. armigera. These attack old age larvae and control 12-18%, 4-16%, and 18-20% of H. armigera population. C.illota, G.halli, Exorista xanthaspis Wiedemann, Peribaea orbata Wiedemann and P.laxa are most common in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashra, Orissa, Rajsthan and Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh (Achan et al., 1968;Pawar et al., 1986). These are recorded on host plants, chickpea, cotton, pigeonpea, tomato, sorghum sunflower and other crops.Among indigenous Indian dipterans, P.laxa, C.illota, G.halli, and Peribaea orbata were amenable to mass production and merit field evaluation. The tachinid successfully developed on H.zea (Manjunath, 1972).

Table no.2. -The name of dipteran parasitoid, host stage invasion on Helicoverpa species.

Family/genus/species	Host stage parasitoized	Helicoverpa species
		HA	HAS	HP
SARCOPHAGIDAE Sarcophaga orientoides S.W.3 TACHINIDAE Carcelia sp. 1 Carcelia (Senometopia) illota Curran1, 7** Carcelia (Senometopia) kolkiana Towensend1 Carcelia raoi Mesnil8 Carcelia peraequalis Mesnil1 Compsilura concinnata Meigen3 Drino (Prosturmia) imberbis Wiedemann1 Drino sp. nr. unisotosa Barranov1 Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky*2 Exorista fallaxMeign1 Exorista japonica Towensend1 Exorista xanthaspis Wiedemann8*** Goniopthalmus halli Mesnil1, 8 Pales coeruleonigra Mesnil3 Palexorista sp. 4 Palexorista imberbis Wiedemann10 Palexorista  laxa Curran5 , 6 Palexorista solennis Walker6 Peribaea orbata Wiedemann10** Pseudogonia rufifrons Wiedemann10**(=Isomera cinerascens Rondani1) Sisyropa apicata Baranov1 Spallanzania sp. 1 Strobliomyia aegyptia Vill. 1 Sturmiopsis inferens Towensend6 Suensonomyia n. sp. 1 Thecocarcelia incedens Rondani1 Voria edentata Baranov1 Voria ruralis Fallen1 Winthemia sp.nr. diversoides Baranov1 CHLOROPIDAE Mepachymerus ensifer Thompson9	l lp lp lp lp lp l l l l l l l lp l l l l l lp l l l l l l l l l l l	+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +	+ + + + + +	+ + + +

References - 1.Achan et al., 1968; 2.CIBC, 1968; 3.CIBC, 1974; 4.ICRISAT, 1974-85; 5.Manjunath et al., 1976; 6.Patel & Patitundu, 1981; 7.Pawar et al., 1985; 8.Rao, 1968; 9.Verma et al., 1971; 10. Lingappa et al., 2001, recently reported the tachinid species on cotton (typed in bold letters). *Imported parasitoid; field recovery reported. ** Recorded from noctuidae in Africa (Berg et al., 1988). ***Recorded from several families of Lepidoptera in Africa (Berg et al., 1988). L= larval; lp= larvo-pupal; HA=Helicoverpa armigera; HAS= Helicoverpa assulata; HP=Helicoverpa peltigera

C.illota, Eucelatoria bryani, Goniopthalmus halli, Vora ruralis are common in India and America (Kogan et al., 1989). C.illota, Exorista sorbillans, Exorista xanthospis, G.halli, Plexorista imberbis, P.laxa, are common in India and Africa on cotton (Greathead and Girling, 1989). C.illota is common in India and Australia (Michael, 1989).